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Investor Angst Spooks Markets 01/26 06:09
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Wild volatility in the stock market this week has put
heightened scrutiny on the Federal Reserve's meeting Wednesday and whether the
Fed will clarify just how fast it plans to tighten credit and potentially slow
the economy.
With high inflation squeezing consumers and businesses, the Fed is expected
to signal that it will raise its benchmark short-term interest rate in March in
a dramatic reversal from the ultra-low-rate policies it imposed during the
pandemic recession. To further tighten credit, the Fed also plans to end its
monthly bond purchases in March. And later this year, it may start reducing its
huge stockpile of Treasury and mortgage bonds.
Investors fear there may be still more to come. Some on Wall Street worry
that on Wednesday, the Fed may signal a forthcoming half-point increase in its
key rate. There is also concern that at a news conference, Fed Chair Jerome
Powell could suggest that the central bank will raise rates more times this
year than the four hikes most economists expect.
Another wild card -- particularly for Wall Street -- is the Fed's bond
holdings. As recently as September, those holdings were growing by $120 billion
a month. The bond purchases, which the Fed financed by creating money, were
intended to reduce longer-term rates to spur borrowing and spending. Many
investors saw the bond buying as helping fuel stock market gains by pouring
cash into the financial system.
Earlier this month, minutes of the Fed's December meeting revealed that the
central bank was considering reducing its bond holdings by not replacing bonds
that mature -- a more aggressive step than just ending the purchases. Analysts
now forecast that the Fed could begin shrinking its holding as early as July,
much sooner than was expected even a few months ago.
The impact of reducing the Fed's bond stockpile isn't well known. But the
last time the Fed raised rates and reduced its balance sheet simultaneously was
in 2018. The S&P 500 stock index tumbled 20% in three months.
If, as expected, the Fed raises its key rate in March by a quarter-point, it
would lift the rate to a range of 0.25% to 0.5%, up from near zero. The Fed's
moves are likely to make a wide range of borrowing -- from mortgages and credit
cards to auto loans and corporate credit -- more expensive. Those higher
borrowing costs, in turn, could slow spending and weaken corporate profits. The
gravest risk is that the Fed's abandonment of low rates, which have nurtured
the economy and the financial markets for years, could trigger another
recession.
Those worries have sent stock prices fluctuating wildly. The Dow Jones
average plunged more than 1,000 points during Monday's trading session before
recovering and finishing with a modest gain. On Tuesday, the S&P 500 closed
down 1.2%. Steady declines since the start of the year have left the S&P down
nearly 10% -- the level that investors define as a "correction."
Economists have forecast that when the Fed does start allowing some of its
$8.8 trillion in bond holdings to roll off its balance sheet, it will do so at
a pace of $100 billion a month. By not replacing some securities, the Fed in
effect reduces demand for Treasuries. This raises their yields and makes
borrowing more expensive.
Yet some analysts say they aren't sure how big the impact on interest rates
will be or how much the Fed will rely on reducing its balance sheet to affect
interest rates.
"There is a fair bit of uncertainty about what to expect," said Michael
Hanson, global economist at JPMorgan Chase.
Gennadiy Goldberg, U.S. rates strategist at TD Securities, said that Wall
Street has also been unnerved by the sharp jump in the inflation-adjusted
interest rate on the 10-year Treasury. That rate has jumped by one-half a
percentage point just this month, an unusually swift rise.
All of which means Powell will face a delicate and even risky balancing act
at his news conference Wednesday.
"It's a threading-the-needle story," Goldberg said. "They want to continue
to sound hawkish -- just not so hawkish as to create extreme market volatility."
If the stock market is engulfed by more chaotic declines, economists say,
the Fed might decide to delay some of its credit-tightening plans. Modest drops
in share prices, though, won't likely affect its plans.
"The Fed does not at all mind seeing a repricing of risk here but would want
to see it in an orderly fashion," said Ellen Gaske, lead economist at PGIM
Fixed Income, a global asset manager.
Some economists have expressed concern that the Fed is already moving too
late to combat high inflation. Others say they worry that the Fed may act too
aggressively. They argue that numerous rate hikes would risk causing a
recession and wouldn't slow inflation in any case. In this view, high prices
mostly reflect snarled supply chains that the Fed's rate hikes are powerless to
cure.
This week's Fed meeting comes against the backdrop of not only high
inflation -- consumer prices have surged 7% in the past year, the fastest pace
in nearly four decades -- but also an economy gripped by another wave of
COVID-19 infections.
Powell has acknowledged that he failed to foresee the persistence of high
inflation, having long expressed the belief that it would prove temporary. The
inflation spike has broadened to areas beyond those that were affected by
supply shortages -- to apartment rents, for example -- which suggests it could
endure even after goods and parts flow more freely.
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